Hitlers Domestic Policies and Their Popularity Essay

Hitlers Domestic Policies and Their Popularity Hitlers domestic policies enjoyed differing levels of support. Policies such as the economy and anti-semitism may have been popular and increased Nazi support. Alteratively, they may have been unpopular and repressive. When Hitler first came to power in 1933, the Nazi Party did not have majority support. Hitler aimed to strengthen their position further and increase support. When The Reichstag erupted into flames in February of 1933, it signalled the downfall of Germany as a democratic nation. Blamed on a Dutch Communist - van der Lubbe - it gave Hitler the justification for his Enabling Act, banning all political opposition and making the†¦show more content†¦This may have been one unpopular aspect of Hitlers economic policy but there were many that the people supported. Hitlers policy of anti-semitism was also hugely popular. Hitler had already set to work giving every German a job, however, this did not include non-German Jews. Forced out of the civil service and later the professions, Jews were hounded everywhere they went. Kristalnacht - the German reprisal for the murder of a German by a Jew - saw synagogues burned and looted, shops owned by Jewish families ransacked and Jews arrested en masse. Similarly with his other policy regarding religion, the Concordat with the R.C Church, this was very popular among the largely atheist German populace. However, this of course angered the German Jews and by 1939 there were few left, most had fled the country. A Fascist state generally has many defining elements, one of which is the police state. Early in his reign, Hitler established this in Germany. The SA, Hitlers thugs were the first group to be created. The SA concerned themselves with political prisoners and ran the concentration camps, such as Dachau. The SA were also most likely to arrest you if somebody was under suspicion. The SA however, came to an end not long after Hitler secured power. The Night of the Long Knives saw Ernst Rohm and many other top ranking SA members killed byShow MoreRelatedThe Significance of Nazi Propaganda under Hitlers Rule Essay3090 Words   |  13 PagesThe Significance of Nazi Propaganda under Hitlers Rule The appointment of Adolf Hitler as chancellor of Germany in 1933 should, in theory, have been nothing more than merely a change of administration. However, from the start of their ‘seizure of power’ the Nazis were prepared to apply this power in ‘revolutionary’ ways. (Fest, 1974, p.373). In the elections of 1933 that resulted in Hitler’s chancellorship, the Nazi party only managed to gain 43.9% of the vote; yetRead MoreThe Rise Of Nazism And The Holocaust1668 Words   |  7 Pagesa time of domestic and international crisis for the German population. Hitler created a new political theory ‘National Socialism’. 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Use Of Artificial Intelligence For Marketing And Branding...

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Career Planning and Career Management

Question: Discuss about the Career Planning and Career Management. Answer: Introduction Organisational success depends on effective management and leadership. Therefore, the integral part of the human resource management strategy is the development of the leadership and management skills and capabilities among employees. This HR practice is the key element of learning and development strategy of an organisation (Armstrong and Taylor 2014). The paper examines the training and development activities of the Bank of Greece and Coca-Cola HBC AG in Greece. The paper highlights the effectiveness of the leadership and management development (LMD) interventions. The paper discusses the relationship between developing individual leadership and management skills and enhancing organisational performance. The paper performs secondary research for collecting the data about the area. Training and development In every organisation training development is important aspect related to achievement of organisation goals. Training and development of employees are essential in the organisation to achieve its aims, needs and aspirations. The term training refers to behavioural modification as a result of learning through instructions, education development and planned experience (Thorpe 2016). The term development refers to the general enhancement of an individuals abilities and skills through unconscious and conscious learning (Martins et al. 2016). The primary objective of training is to provide the organisation with better personnel. The process of training includes an investment of money and time on employees to improve their performance and motive them to give their best (Armstrong and Taylor 2014). The well planned and organised training programs have several benefits for both the organisation and the employees. It helps the trainees to achieve inward job satisfaction gained by delivering high performance, the outwards satisfaction gained through incentives, rewards and recognitions given by the company. Training and development of employees increase their career opportunities and reduces the employees turnover rate. It also increases the commitment of employees towards the organisation. When an employee delivers superior performance, it increases the productivity and the efficiency of the organisation (Garavan et al. 2016). The initial step of training and development program is job analysis and the identification of the training needs. According to Wilson (2014), job analysis includes collection, analysis and setting of job information to provide a basis for recruitment, training, evaluating job performance and management. The vital issue of each organisation is the comprehension of the training needs as per the organisations needs and the goals. It is the fundamental step in the training process The training policies in each organisation are set in a manner that reflects its needs and philosophy. On the job training approach is most commonly applicable to many organisations. This type of training is given to the employee at the workplace in his office at desk or machine. The worker gains valuable insights into his work through instructions given during the training. This type of training is mostly unofficial and occurs without any strict preparation. The advantage of this approach is the ease of learning and knowledge obtained with limited expenses. However, its limitation includes the decrease in the service quality with the use of trainees when the clients are present (Tahir et al. 2014). The other approach is the classroom training that is conducted away from the workplace. Thus approach makes use of a wide range of practices such as discussions, lectures, videos, potential enquiries, and role play such that the employees understand the deeper meaning of their future task (Armstrong and Taylor 2014). Role play includes wearing others shoes to understand the course of the job. However, this approach is costly with the requirement of lots of amenities such as classrooms, professionals and technology (Falola et al. 2014). Overview of the Coca-Cola HBC AG Coca-Cola HBC AG or Coca Cola Hellenic is the worlds second largest beverage industry with its shares in the secondary listing on the Athens Stock Exchange. The company was incorporated under the law of Greece in 1969. In 2012, it moved its operational headquarters to Switzerland. The company operates in 3 continents in 28 countries with Greece being its one of the well-established market. Its product line includes the diverse range of ready-to-drink non-alcoholic beverages in the sparkling sport, water, and juice, coffee and tea categories (Corea 2016). Training and development in Coca Cola According to Zempiliadou (2015), the training and development in coca cola are given prime importance for retaining best employees. Over the past few years, the company has strengthened the area of training and development to improve the business performance. The company as a part of the HR strategy thus provides its employees with development programs including internal talent management, employee performance management, and leadership development for managers (Metaxas and Tsavdaridou 2013). The training strategies in this company emphasis on bridging the gap between the needs of customers and that of the organisation. The motive is to train the employees in a manner that does not hamper their creativity and in turn gain an advantage for the company (Faucher 2011). By providing on-the-job learning, coaching and feedback the company ensure that the employees have the necessary resources to learn (Isdell and Beasley 2011). However, coca cola also incorporates fun element in the training programs to make it a great place to work. The aim is to motivate and inspire the staff to become the best they can. The rationale is the use of social learning theory that refers to learning through observation. Employees can modify their behaviour by watching others and reproduce the same (Pendergrast 2013). The training for the senior level managers includes on the job training. It includes the managers to interact with the clients directly or indirectly and provide for the fulfilment of the business (Charalambous 2013). The primary aim of this approach is to mainly seek to improve the leadership skills such that they can better evaluate and modify the companys surroundings and the corresponding results. The managers will be able to identify and develop strategic options to the possible risks. The leaders are also provided with the coaching just for polishing their skills and guiding them in decision making or a deal. The leaders are mainly sent for business conferences to interact with other successful leaders and modify their behaviour (Skouloudis et al. 2011). The managers in the lower level such as the sales managers, customer managers, line or design managers are trained in classrooms as well as on job to teach the required skills that match the business requirement. The training approach mainly used for them is role play where the managers have to shape themselves according to the need of the character. The company reduces its time by using advanced technology such as E-learning where the managers undergo different phases of training at their desk with the computers and attend the conference with the co-managers (Spanos 2016). The company uses guided discussions and the method of storytelling for the middle-level supervisors and assistant managers to enhance their technical skills as the global leaders want innovation for business strength. It is a practical way of teaching with lots of modules where the trainees develop and implement new ideas. This type of training usually occurs in closed rooms with adequate infrastructure (Corea 2016). Zempiliadou (2015) evaluated the training and development program for the employees in Coca Cola and found that it helped in developing the positive attitude among the employees. It helped them in becoming more profit aligned and knowledgeable. Personal workers are benefitted by being able to make better choices. Coca Cola creates a lifestyle of company learning by developing its leaders among the co-workers through the E-Learnings and job training benefits. Coca Cola also uses the employee participation approach to minimise the change resistance in the employees (Metaxas and Tsavdaridou 2013). This method helps to decreases the staff concerns and promotes advancement. The company uses Kirkpatrick's model to evaluate the potency of the leadership management and development programs (Faucher 2011). It is used to calculate the level of attainment of abilities, techniques, behavioural change and information using paper and pencil assessment, job models, and expertise methods. The evalua tion helps to track the business enhancement such as work outcome, cost benefits and the quality changes (Pendergrast 2013). Overview of the Bank of Greece The National Bank of Greece or NBG was established as a commercial bank in 1840. NBG was founded in 1880 and was later introduced at the the Athens Stock Exchange (Spanos 2016). According to Maes (2015) Currently, the bank is comprised of more than 600 domestic banking units in Greece and 283 units overseas and has 1241 ATMs. Training and development in NBG The study executed by Clogg (2013) highlighted that the bank lays immense important on the training and development of the workforce and in enhancing their skills. The bank has sustainably invested in the training and educational programs for their employees over the past years by establishing a Training Centre in 1996 (Koutsogeorgopoulou et al. 2014). Belias et al. (2013) conducted survey and interview at the headquarters in Athens with the managers of the bank. As per the survey, the training approach used in the bank is "on-the-job training for both middle and lower level managers. This type of training is mainly used for the positions on the lower level due to frequent job rotations, and for middle-level managers, it depends on the need of an hour. On the job training in NBG includes basic training, commercial training, banking operations, financial training, administration training, and other computer courses (Maes 2015). The employees at this level are well trained on the usage of the electronic data processing system. The training is to educate the employees on how to provide the customer services and deal with their issues. This program forms the basis of the successful attainment of organisation's aims and also aid in penetrating the foreign market (Koutsogeorgopoulou et al. 2014). Regular feedback is taken from the trainees and the trainers to measure the success of the training approach (Armstrong and Taylor 2014). Since both trainer and trainee are in contact, it is easy to avoid many mistakes and resolve the misunderstandings. This helps to proceed in the valuable and efficient training. Another training approach in NBG is the Distance learning program" which is practised to renovate its business services and achieve a constant endeavour (Clogg 2013). The survey conducted with the managers revealed that NBG ensures that their staffs participate in the seminar and conferences of both national and international level. The seminar consists of 6 months duration, and since they are acquainted with experts of a particular field, the training gives opportunities to the staff to broaden their knowledge and improve their skills. It also gives the opportunity to the learn the services delivered in developed countries and implement them in NBG by combining the positiv e and the negative aspects (Panagiotakopoulos 2011). The training centre at NBG provides E-learning to all the staff. This method is highly preferred in a bank as it reduces the cost. This training method involves the wide range of subjects such as AML issues, management skills, computerised processes, and financial expertise (Angelakopoulos and Mihiotis 2011). The survey further highlighted that NBG provides its staff with the foreign language courses as a part of the off the job training. This training helps staff to develop abilities for delivering higher quality services. It also enhances the communication skills (Armstrong and Taylor 2014). This type of training is applicable for staff at all levels. Learning foreign languages mainly English also helps the workers to better interact with the international clients (Glaveli and Karassavidou 2011). According to Belias et al. (2013), NBG provides training to its employees in the branches abroad according to the Greek standards. The local personnel in abroad are trained in both house and the seminars. The international managers are skilled enough, have precondition skills, and are not provided with intense training. They are trained to enhance the ability to handle every situation encountered in the workplace. To increase participation from staff, the bank is offering certified courses alon g with financial support for gaining international professional certifications programs. Also, NBG has additional programs that are sponsored by the EU. NBG also provides internships for students at undergraduate level. They help students to gain practical training as per the course requirements (Clogg 2013). Comparative analysis Both Coca Cola and NBG train their staff for development and better customer services. These activities have increased business performance, staff morale and business profit. Though both companies have some aim behind training and development, the process of training has minute differences. The difference in training is due to a difference in business operations of both companies. Coca Cola being a beverage industry provides training in the area of customer services related to taste enhancement, quality of food and innovation in the food and drink products, timely delivery of food products (Phillips 2012). On the contrary, NBG being a banking sector provides training and development related to banking operations, IT, issues, management skills, computerised processes, and financial expertise. Coca Cola provides training and development programs, coaching, feedback, E-learning and role-plays required for its staff to develop their profession and career. However, Coca Cola company does not have a training centre or academy like NBG. It does not provide extensive training like NBG. NBG provides training to people other than the employees, but Coca Cola mainly focuses on the development of its existing staff (Isdell and Beasley 2011). NBG does not provide training and development programs to the senior level managers and the internal managers as it recruits high skilled professionals. On the other hand, Coca Cola provides training to the staff at all levels equally. Since both the organisations are well reputed, the process of training is same. Both companies implement on the job training and the of the job training. However, Coca Cola mainly focuses on the on the job training. Unlike NBG, Coca Cola does not provide certified courses for its trainees. Therefore, it can be said that NBG has the higher level of training infrastructure compared to Coca Cola (Belias et al. 2013). Unlike NBG, Coca Cola does not provide education to its employees in the foreign languages. Coca Cola implements the role play approach to training, but NBG does not. Irrespective of the mode of training both the companies provides its employees with the room for growth. However, the management and development activities are stronger in NBG when compared to Coca Cola. NBG keeps its employees busy with goals insight, but the same is not seen in Coca Cola (Phillips 2012). The system of job rotation in banks increases the need of training activities, but beverage companies do not have job rotation system. The difference in training activities between both companies and the need of intense training in banking field is due to higher job security compared to that in Coca Cola (Beier and Kanfer 2010). This justifies the huge training infrastructure in NBG when compared to Coca Cola. On the contrary, the employees in Coca Cola are slightly vulnerable to market forces. Due to fluctuating market conditions, they are vulnerable to the wage levels. Employees in Coca Cola work hard to be competitive in skills and deliver high quality service to avoid being rep laced. However, the frequency of replacing employees in NBG is less although it is mandatory for the employees to meet the performance standards. Job burnout, stress and demotivation are observed in the employees of Coca Cola but not among the employees in NBG. Overall the training and development as a part of the leadership and management in NBG are regular while in Coca Cola the training and development are sometimes based on the need of the specific group of a workforce. It is these human resource management practices that led to the high reputation of both organisations (Phillips 2012). Discussion The training approach in both Coca Cola and NBG is developed with the perspective of the organisation, its objectives and the current challenges. Training and development programs must be developed in the organisation in a way that not only satisfies the employees but also become highly productive (Armstrong and Taylor 2014). These programs increase the technical abilities, work motivation, job confidence, interpersonal skills of the employees and teamwork of the employees (Tahir et al., 2014). Both Coca Cola and NBG create a concern to cure their staff well. The aim is to provide the employees with a fulfilling operating life. Such programs as a part of the leadership management and development activities help the organisation to achieve competitive advantage. Companies should continuously invest in the skills, abilities and knowledge, which are considered to be the determinants of the employees performance (Falola et al. 2014). Employee development is the key to sustainable develop ment of the organisation. Conclusion The paper has exhaustively discussed the training and development in both Coca Cola and NBG. Training and development is the primary tool that helps the human capital to explore their dexterity. It is vital to the productivity of the organisations workforce. The jobs in the banking sector are quite complex therefore the investment in training should not be viewed as the cost to the organisation. The paper recommends that in both NBG and Coca Cola an informal approach for accessing staff performance by laying emphasis on assessing the delivery of practical tasks allocated to the newly employed staff (Armstrong and Taylor 2014). Also, it is recommended that on the job training should be more formalised. It reduces the pressure on the trainers and allows concentrating more on the trainees. It is requested to introduce innovative programs of personality development for the senior managers and also the lower staff. It will help them to build synergy and strengthen the superior and subordi nate relationshipfor overall productivity of the business (Adekola 2011). In short, the HR department should enhance their training programs aligning with the latest demands in the beverage industry and banking sector. Due to increasing sophisticated fraud the banking sector in particular needs strategic techniques (Beier and Kanfer 2010). Countries, where the HR practices are greatly focused on designing and delivery of the training and development of the workforce, have not only obtained the organisational well being but also have become prosperous in this dynamic world. References Adekola, B., 2011. Career Planning and Career Management as Correlates for Career Development and Job Satisfaction. A Case Study of Nigerian Bank Employees..Australian Journal of Business and Management Research,2. Angelakopoulos, G. and Mihiotis, A., 2011. E-banking: challenges and opportunities in the Greek banking sector.Electronic Commerce Research,11(3), pp.297-319. Armstrong, M. and Taylor, S., 2014.Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Beier, M.E. and Kanfer, R., 2010. 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South-Eastern European Monetary and Economic Statistics from the Nineteenth Century to World War II (Athens, Sofia, Bucharest and Vienna: Bank of Greece, Bulgarian National Bank, National Bank of Romania and Oesterreichische Nationalbank, 2014, 405 pp.).Financial History Review,22(2), pp.252-254. Martins, L.P., Four-Babb, D., Lazzarin, M.D.L. and Pawlik, J., 2016. [Ir] responsible leadership: addressing management and leadership curricula biases. Metaxas, T. and Tsavdaridou, M., 2013. Corporate social responsibility in Greece during the crisis period.Journal of Advanced Research in Management (JARM), (1 (IV)), pp.20-34. Panagiotakopoulos, A., 2011. Workplace learning and its organizational benefits for small enterprises: Evidence from Greek industrial firms.The Learning Organization,18(5), pp.350-360. Pendergrast, M., 2013.For god, country, and coca-cola. Basic Books. Phillips, J.J., 2012.Return on investment in training and performance improvement programs. Routledge. Skouloudis, A., Evangelinos, K. and Nikolaou, I., 2011. An overview of corporate social responsibility in Greece: perceptions, developments and barriers to overcome.Business Ethics: A European Review,20(2), pp.205-226. Spanos, L., 2016. Complementarity and Interconnection between CSR and Crowdfunding: A Case Study in Greece. Tahir, N., Yousafzai, I.K., Jan, S. and Hashim, M., 2014. The Impact of Training and Development on Employees Performance and Productivity A case study of United Bank Limited Peshawar City, KPK, Pakistan.International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences,4(4), p.86. Thorpe, R., 2016.Gower handbook of leadership and management development. CRC Press. Wilson, J.P., 2014. International human resource development: Learning, education and training for individuals and organisations.Development and Learning in Organizations,28(2). Zempiliadou, S., 2015. The Adoption of Employee Performance Appraisal Systems and their Effectiveness in Corporate Greece.

The Scarlet Letter - Dimmesdale Analysis Essays - Film,

The Scarlet Letter - Dimmesdale Analysis Character Analysis : Dimmesdale Dimmesdale is one of the most intriguing characters in The Scarlet Letter. I think this because he demonstrates in this story that he is a coward, and that he is strong, yet not courageous. Dimmesdale proves that he is a cowardice individual many times in The Scarlet Letter. He does this by not admitting his sin. Dimmesdale had many opportunities to admit his sin and get the guilt off his chest. The first opportunity was when Dimmesdale was making his speech in front of an audience. He tried to tell the truth but more lies just came out. The second opportunity that Dimmesdale had to confess his sin was when he was living with Chillingworth, and Chillingworth told Dimmesdale to confess what was troubling him and again, Dimmesdale refused to confess. Finally, the third time that Dimmesdale had a great opportunity to confess himself was at the end of the story during the festival on the scaffold. Standing there with Hester and Pearl, Dimmesdale was still too much of a coward to admit his sin and release the anguish from his burning chest. Another way in which Dimmesdale showed that he was a cowardice person is by not confronting Chillingworth. Chillingworth was plotting re venge on Dimmesdale for an extremely long time. In fact, Chillingworths life was devoted to getting revenge on Dimmesdale. Being told by Hester, Dimmesdale still did not confront Chillingworth. Throughout the book, Dimmesdale was an extreme coward. Dimmesdales actions in this story where not courageous, but strong. For roughly seven years, this man had to live with extreme guilt. Dimmesdale had many reasons to feel guilty. First of all he let Hester be labeled an adulteress, while he just looked on. Lastly, Dimmesdale felt guilty because he had not raised Pearl as his own. Dimmesdale showed this by being exceptionally affectionate the few times that he was around Pearl. An example of Dimmesdale showing affection towards Pearl is while in the forest, Dimmesdale softly kisses Pearl on the brow. Another action of Dimmesdales that proves that he is strong but not courageous, is that Dimmesdale shows extreme self-restraint. Dimmesdale had to converse with Hester in public. Dimmesdale did not let one clue slip that he had been with Hester and that he was the father of little Pearl. Also, in the book, it states that Dimmesdale showed nervous sensibility and a vast power of self restrain. While self-restraint gives Dimmesdale strength, it is also his biggest flaw. Overall, Dimmesdale is a good person. He is just lacking the ability to be courageous enough to admit his sin to the world. Although he was strong, it ended up being his demise.

Ethics of Jurassic Park essays

Ethics of Jurassic Park essays Upon reading Michael Crichtons famous Jurassic Park, there were things that sparked me that the movie didnt. This paper, though, is not to compare the movie from the book, but to analyze the ethics behind the making of Jurassic Park. Was it right or wrong for Hammond to make this dangerous amusement park? Was he going too far in bringing back the past into the present? Questions like these help us see the true meaning of this book-responsibility of using ones power to do incredible things and even doing the impossible, while knowing what consequences ones actions might bring. Looking at the ethics of the book, we need to look at the theme incorporated-total responsibility for ones actions and accepting the consequences for any decisions made by the party. By defining ethics as standards of conduct that indicate how one should behave based on moral duties and virtues, which involves the ability to discern from right and wrong, one can see that from reading Jurassic Park, Hammond and his associates are the ones to look at. The people behind the making of the amusement park should not be blamed, but should be looked at because of their decisions. Their ability to not discern from right and wrong and not evaluating the consequences of their action, led the park to a disaster-to the newly made animals and to the humans as well. And by answering one basic question, the ethics of Hammond and his associates can be looked at more extensively. The question dealt with is: Was it right or wrong for Hammond to make this dangerous amusement park? For this question, two views need to be looked at, of course-right or wrong. Through the eyes of Hammond, he wanted to make a mark in humanity, bring back the past, and wanted people to enjoy what they missed by reliving what happened back in the Jurassic era. To him, building this for the people would ...

Mary Cassatt Quotes

Mary Cassatt Quotes The first American Impressionist artist, Mary Cassatt was born in Pittsburgh.   Her family lived for a few years in Europe. Cassatt studied at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, then, as the Civil War ended, moved to France, where she remained for the rest of her life except for occasional trips to visit the United States.   She remained a U.S. citizen, though, and took a special interest in the woman suffrage movement in her home country. Mary Cassatt was influenced especially by Degas. She was the only American invited to the Impressionist circle who accepted the invitation.   She became especially known for her mother-and-child paintings.  Under Mary Cassatts influence, many Americans collected Impressionist art. In 1892, she was invited to contribute a large mural on the theme of modern woman to the Worlds Columbian Exposition in Chicago, to be held in 1893.   Another artist contributed the paired mural on primitive woman. Her popularity continued, even as she turned from newer Parisian painting movements.   Cataracts interfered with her ability to do her painting, despite multiple operations, and she was nearly blind the last decade of her life.   She continued her involvement, despite her vision problems, with the woman suffrage cause and, during World War I, with humanitarian causes to help those affected by the war including wounded soldiers. Selected Mary Cassatt Quotations Theres only one thing in life for a woman; its to be a mother.... A woman artist must be ... capable of making primary sacrifices. I think that if you shake the tree, you ought to be around when the fruit falls to pick it up. Why do people so love to wander? I think the civilized parts of the World will suffice for me in the future. I am independent! I can live alone and I love to work. I hated conventional art. I began to live. I have touched with a sense of art some people – they felt the love and the life. Can you offer me anything to compare to that joy for an artist? Americans have a way of thinking work is nothing. Come out and play they say. American women have been spoiled, treated and indulged like children; they must wake up to their duties. There are two ways for a painter: the broad and easy one or the narrow and hard one. If painting is no longer needed, it seems a pity that some of us are born into the world with such a passion for line and color. Cezanne is one of the most liberal artists I have ever seen. He prefaces every remark with Pour moi it is so and so, but he grants that everyone may be as honest and as true to nature from their convictions; he doesnt believe that everyone should see alike. I have not done what I wanted to, but I tried to make a good fight. Degas to Mary Cassatt: Most women paint as though they are trimming hats. Not you. Edourd Degas about Mary Cassatt: I dont admit that a woman draws that well! [Quoted in The American Womans Almanac, Louise Bernikow] Mary Cassatts visit home, long after she had become famous in Europe, was reported in the Philadelphia newspaper as the arrival of Mary Cassatt, sister of Mr. Cassatt, President of the Pennsylvania Railroad, who has been studying painting in France and owns the smallest Pekingese dog in the world. Related Resources for Mary Cassatt Mary Cassatt IndexWomen and Painting More Womens Quotes: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Explore Womens Voices and Womens History Womens Voices - About Womens QuotesBiographiesToday in Womens History

Explain why inventory costs and inventory levels have declined Essay

Explain why inventory costs and inventory levels have declined relative to GDP over the last twenty years. Is this beneficial to the economy Why or why not - Essay Example ments have reduced, and in some cases eliminated, inventory carrying costs, in-transit inventory carrying cost and order cost, thus an overall reduction in inventory cost. According to Coyle et al. (2012), inventory is an asset because in measuring gross domestic product, GDP, the value of goods and services an economy produces would be considered. Thus, a reduction in this asset reduces the return on assets, ROA which in essence means a reduction in the GDP. As such, as inventory costs and levels have declined over the past twenty years, so has the GDP. No, this is not beneficial to the economy. As noted by Coyle et al. (2012), GDP is a critical factor of the wellbeing of an economy. This is directly dependent on the level of spending in the economy. With the advancements in technology that has cut on inventory costs and generally on costs in supply chain, the level of spending by logistics organizations, and ultimately on consumers, has decreased. The resultant decrease in GDP has negatively impacted on the

Geothermal Energy and its Potential Applications in the United States Essay

Geothermal Energy and its Potential Applications in the United States - Essay Example Geothermal energy is classified amongst the group of renewable energy sources: these forms of power utilize energy flows from natural processes like the suns radiation, wind, running water and in this case, magma heated water(" Renewable Energy", Wikipedia). Renewable sources replace the drawn energy through natural processes. In this sense, geo power is not strictly renewable as it is possible to exhaust a particular source by drawing it out faster than it can be replenished. It is most definitely sustainable by re-injecting the spent fluid back into the earth to be reheated. Since it is derived from the earths own heat it can be utilized almost any where in the world, though currently it has only been done so predominantly in the West. It is also one of the cleaner forms of energy, with lower green house emissions than fossil fuels, puts less stress on the environment as it its power plants are small and it does not require dam construction or forest depletion (Geothermal Energy Facts,Geothermal Education Office). The most common application of geothermal power is electricity generation. In fact the United States alone uses 2,800MWe of electrical capacity and this is only a fraction of its capacity.(Fridleifson,n.d, www.crest.org). Idaho National Laboratories list three types of power plants for electricity generation and all three are hydrothermal in source, i.e from hot water reservoirs. (The first type is known as dry steam plants. Steam from underground reservoirs is pumped up into turbines and used to drive a generator. Flash steam plants utilize reservoirs with extremely high temperatures greater than 182 C. Here, water is driven to the surface under its own pressure. When it reaches the surface the pressure drop forces it to become steam and this is then used to drive a turbine. The third type, binary flows, make use of geothermal reservoirs with lower or milder heat conditions. Hot water, at temperatures lower than boiling (100 C), is pumped through a set of pipes known as heat exchan gers and is used to heat an organic volatile fluid in the other pies. The fluid then evaporates into steam which is used to power a generator. In all three types the condensed steam or water is re-injected into the fractures from wherein they were drawn thus replenishing the heat source. From the vastly different temperature ranges observed in the three methods listed, it is evident that even mild temperatures can be used to generate electricity. Considering the United States vast consumption of oil - more than 20.8 billion barrels per day, and its growth, the scope for more geothermal power plants is enormous. Currently, only 0.5% of the U.S. power is supplied by geothermal power.(U.S. Energy Policy,www.solcomhouse.com). Costs are also quite competitive, being only $0.05 -$0.08 per KWh (www.crest.org). Direct utilization of geothermal power for heating buildings and water is another option. This makes use of shallow ground water sources with lower temperatures (20-150C) and thus may be limited to those areas which have access to them. However it is an extremely cost effective method to heat greenhouses and homes, and can be used in small scale industry like fishfarming. Direct use systems make use of heat exchangers wherein the source water is pumped through one set of pipes and the heat

Diversity in American culture Essay Example for Free

Diversity in American culture Essay The American culture is one of the outstanding cultures in nature compared with other cultures of the world. The culture of the American people can be regarded as being diversified in nature. (Bernstein N, 2001). The diversity of the American culture is attributed by the fact that America is composed of many ethnic groups with different global origin. The diversity has been found to occur in the dressing habits, eating habits, marriages habits and religion in nature. America has a unique history in nature since it was a founded world which is currently composed of the African –American, White-Americans, Hispanic-Americans, and the Indian –Americans. The diversity of the American culture has a lot of controversies which has come into a lot of criticism by the public in general. This paper will try to evaluate the religious diversity among the American people at the same it will try to bring out the driving forces behind this religion diversity. Consequently it will analyze the effects of the religious diversity to the American people. The religious diversity in America has been contributed by the immigration laws which encourage the religious freedom which has created the religious tolerance of the American people. According to Becvar, D. S (1997) â€Å"perhaps the most extreme case of religious pluralism in the world. † . Moreover the American constitution has consequently protected the religious rights of its members. The first amendment of The USA has consequently promoted the right of free worship without any interruptions. Thus the religious diversity has been promoted by the democratic government of the United States of America which has tried to encourage the immigration and at the same time guarating the religious freedom of its citizens. The American religious culture is made of many religious sects. The religious groups which are presently found in America includes the Christians, Muslims, Hindus, Budhism other minority religions (Bullis K, 1996). The religious diversity in the United States of America has proved to be so important to the society in nature, for instance there are a lot of intermarriages between the religious groups. By promoting the intermarriages, harmony is created in the world. The America of today has undergone some radical changes which have created a new America with new religious landscape. Nowdays the number of the immigrants has increased in to a great existent than before. The most growing group which has migrated in larger number is the Hispanics and the Asian groups. Most of the American people have not noticed the radical changes which the religious sector is undergoing in the recent times. We need to focus on such changes and realize that the religious field is currently under metamorphosis. Although the United states of America was being regarded as being a Christian nation, it has become to light that the Muslims have started to increase in their numbers, moreover the Buddhist religion has taken roots in the American land for example the Los Angeles city is a Buddhist city which is recognized as the most concentrated Buddhist city having the immigrants from India,China,Korea and sri lanka. At the same time the immigrants from the Latin America such as from Mexico, Brazil and Spain to the United States of America cities has promoted the growth of the Christianity of the Catholic and the protestant community. According to history the American land has been composed of many religions. The United States of America is undergoing a change in the religious practices. Most of the adults are nowadays have started to change their religious believes from the Christianity since the start of the First World War. However most of the American adults have started to identify themselves with some specific religion. But it has been established that the United States of America is currently losing its protestant members due to the fact that most of the Protestants were executed during the Second World War. The gender ratio has consequently affected the religious groups. It is estimated that 38% -39% of the religious believers are women. moreovcer most of the Muslims are men since the Muslim society allows only men to worship in the mosques, thus the religious practices has been found to affect the number of the believers. The religious believers in the United States of America have been found to affiliate themselves with the political parties. For example the Christian believers affiliate themselves to the Democrat, Republican and the Independents respectively. 56% of those who are the Assemblies of God have preferred to affiliate themselves with the Republican party while 56% of the Jews have preferred the Democratic party. (Burke T,2005). The religious diversity in the United States of America has profound effects on the way people are living. The religion has consequently affected the dressing codes of the individuals, the eating habits of the individuals and the social associations of the involved candidates. On the first case religion has been found to influence the dressing codes of people, for example the Muslim women wears long clothes which are made so that they can not have the direct contact with their male counterparts as it’s believed that it’s a taboo to for the Muslim women to have direct contact with men. At the same time the Hindu men wears what they refer as â€Å"dhoti†. The Christians women on the other hand have a tendency of wearing the trousers and sometimes skirts. Thus it can be concluded that the dressing codes in the United States of America has been influenced by the religion individuals have affiliated themselves to. The religious diversity in the United States of America has influenced the eating habits of the people of the United States of America. Many of the African-Americans are mainly Protestants and hence they have no strict eating habits (Canda. K, 1998). But other Christian members who belong to some sects such as the seventh Day Adventists, Jehovah witness have a lot of the eating restricness. At the same time some Muslim communities are prohibited from eating some foods such as the pork. Consequently the Hindus are prohibited from taking beef which they believe that it is a sacred animal in their religion. In conclusion it can be determined that religion is continuing to play one of the major roles in most people. The United States of America is secular increasingly, youve got African groups who bring another dimension of diversity. in nature and this phenomenon has spread in many states. Baer, H. A (1984) quoted that† In Southern California, weve got virtually everyone, Roof said. If you want an indicator of how much diversity there is in Southern California, there are approximately 100 different ethnic Buddhist groups here. With Latinos, its similar. With Islam, you get scores of nationalities†. The diversity of the religious believes among the Americans will continue to affect the daily activities of the Americans. References Baer, H. A. (1984). The Black spiritual movement: A religious response to racism. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. Becvar, D. S. (1997). Soul healing: A spiritual orientation in counseling and therapy. New York: Basic Books. Bernstein, N. (2001). The lost children of Wilder: The epic struggle to change foster care. New York: Vintage Books. Bullis, R. K. (1996). Spirituality in social work practice. Washington, DC: Taylor Francis. Burke, M. T. (2005). Religious and spiritual issues in counseling: Applications across diverse populations. New York: Brunner-Rout ledge. Canada, E. R. (Ed. ) (1998). Spirituality in social work: New directions. New York: Haworth Pastoral Press.

The Utopian Philosophy of Shangri-La in James Hiltons Lost Horizon Ess

The Utopian Philosophy of Shangri-La in James Hilton's Lost Horizon    For some people life may not be satisfactory. Life has many troubles including death, pain, and suffering. It leaves little hope. There are ways in which people can live to have a good life. This method of how a person should live is viewed differently thoughout the world. James Hilton represents this combination of ideas and cultures in the novel, Lost Horizon (1933). This novel tells the tale of four distinctively different people retreating from a war zone. In their retreat they are kidnapped and taken by plane deep into the Himalayan mountain wilderness. Little did they know that here in the confines of the mountains there is a paradise. This paradise is called Shangri-La and is a Tibetan Monastery and community in a place of splendid beauty. Surprisingly, the kidnapped group finds that they are considered guests in this elevated community. They are apprehensive of the cerebrated treatment that they receive, but soon accept and enjoy their "misfortune." Shangri-La is a paradise, but the guests become held prisoner to pleasure and happiness. In the time they spend at Shangri-La they learn that this is a Utopia where they do not age. Because of the people's long life, they find time to become educated and "achieve calmness and profundity, ripeness and wisdom, and the clear enchantment of memory" (155). Surprisingly, the paradise is rich in culture. It contained work of art that "museums and millionaire alike would have bargained for" (94). Along with the arts, Shangri-La's library contains "a multitude of books †¦ that the whole atmosphere was more of wisdom than of learning" (95). The distinct philosophical views of Shangri-La create the essence of th... ...bligation. Kant's theory to portray virtue is evident throughout the novel's setting to make sure that everyone will "find everything quite satisfactory" (68).    These four distinctively different philosophical theories create a complex web of mental environment, which is the most important aspect of the setting in this novel. These philosophies are so effectively blended into the spirit of Shangri-La, that they created a new philosophical fusion: a perfect society. The philosophical beliefs of the Shangri-Lain culture is what frames it into a Utopia. The philosophy is not only the setting, it is the deeper meaning of the story. This setting gives hope to the weary, and may be a link into the development, through philosophical understanding, of a perfect world. Works Cited Hilton, James. Lost Horizon. PocketBooks: Simon & Schuster Inc. New York, 1960.

Lady Macbeth Essay

The tragic downfall of Shakespeare’s Macbeth can be attributed to his forceful ambition which leads him to commit terrible deeds, selfish greed and weakness that allows him to be easily manipulated. These influencing factors are nourished and encouraged by the three witches and the deceitful Lady Macbeth. Macbeth’s actions of murdering innocent children and women and his damning act of genocide show that he is primarily responsible for his own demise. Macbeths ‘ambition which overleaps itself’ leads him to commit heinous crimes that show his depravity and ultimately leads to his downfall. Macbeth lets his ‘ambition’ rule him and his decisions; his ambition comes before everything else. When he hears that Malcolm will be crowned prince of Cumberland he says ‘that is a step which I must fall down or else o’er leap, for in my way it lies’ this suggests that it is just a stepping stone on the way for him to become king. This ambition leads him to kill king Duncan without any real reason ‘I have no spur to prick the sides of my intent, but only Vaulting ambition’ and this act of genocide results in a downward spiral to his ruin. Macbeth’s selfishness causes him to be demanding with the witch’s supernatural powers and his own authority, when his greed for knowledge leads him to tell the witches to ‘stay you imperfect speakers, tell me more. ’ And demand them to speak to him a second time ‘speak I charge you’. The power that he has ‘played most foully for’ allows him to do what he wants as he thinks of it stating ‘the very firstlings of my heart shall be the very firstlings of my hand’. Once Macbeth realises he will be ‘king hereafter ‘ he wants nothing more than to kill king Duncan revealing in a soliloquy ‘stars hide your fires, do not let light see my dark and seep desires’. Once Macbeth gains power he will cease at nothing to guard it, he cannot stop his greed, and he is so caught up in his own selfishness that he does not even mourn his own wife. When he hears of her death he states ‘she should have died hereafter’. It is this selfishness that leads him to kill and leaves him with nothing to live for, becoming ‘the walking shadow’ that gives him the consequence of his ultimate downfall. Macbeth’s weakness in character causes him to be easily controlled and egged on by Lady Macbeth. He does not have the strength to resist against Lady Macbeth’s attacks on his manliness ‘when you said you will kill him then you were a man’ and her ockingly asking ‘art thou afeard? ’ as a result; Lady Macbeth influences Macbeth about the murder as well as scolding him. For instance, after she calls him a â€Å"coward† and compares him with herself in a humiliating manner, Macbeth decides to commit the dreadful murder. This shows his weakness in character, because his mind is conflicted; yet, his decisions, which result in a great tragedy, are his own but are heavily influen ced by his scheming wife. At the end of the play, the moral weaknesses of Macbeth are totally revealed along with his mental weaknesses. He is no more the worthy warrior of battle fields. Indeed, he is a paranoid king who copes with guilty hallucinations and tries to secure himself by killing innocent people. For example, in the banquet scene, he sees the ghost of Banquo whose death was ordered by Macbeth and the guests start to suspect his mental health and talk unpleasantly of him. This character flaw of Macbeth makes his manifesting downfall even more tragic. In sum it is Macbeths overriding ambition that rules him and allows him to think of nothing else, selfishness and weak character allows him to be played like a pawn by Lady Macbeth and shows that he is his own enemy with character traits that are taken to the limit and exploited until he became nothing but a shell of his previous self. If Macbeth did not have such domineering traits he would not have met the same fate of eternal damnation that he did.

Biotic and Abiotic Structure and Function of an Ecosystem

In this assignment, you will investigate the biotic and abiotic structure and function of an ecosystem. Choose one of the following ecosystems:Tropical rainforest.Grassland.Coral Reef.Estuary.Desert.You will write a two to three page APA-style research paper about your choice of ecosystem including: Where might this type of ecosystem be located? Give one specific example. Describe the structure of the ecosystem: List both the abiotic components and biotic components Describe the function of the ecosystem: How do the abiotic and biotic components interact in biogeochemical cycles? Describe both the carbon and nitrogen cycles Describe disturbance and recovery: Describe one natural and one human caused disturbance to the ecosystem. Explain the damage to the ecosystem, including how the abiotic and biotic characteristics of the ecosystem changed. Explain how ecosystems recover naturally based on resilience mechanisms and the theory of secondary succession. The following grading rubric wi ll be used for this assignment.Grading RubricAPA Style 5% Where might this type of ecosystem be located? Give one specific example 20% Describe the structure: 40%Abiotic components: 10% Biotic Components 10% Describe the function:Describe the Carbon cycle: 15% Describe the Nitrogen cycle:15%Disturbance and Recovery:Example of natural disturbance event and changes to the ecosystem.Discussion of recovery process: 15% Example of anthropogenic caused disturbance event and changes to the ecosystem.Discussion of recovery process. 15% Explain how ecosystems recover naturally based on resilience mechanisms and the theory of secondary succession. Â  

Jamestown essays

Jamestown essays In what ways might the European encounter with the Americas be seen as a disaster or tragedy, and in what ways might it be seen as an inevitable development in the history of humanity with long-run positive results. What would the world be today without the United States of America? Humanity itself may have never evolved into what it is today with the advance technology brought forth. From here we go back to the 1600s when plans to sail to find a so called New World, were inevitable. But even though the benefits of finding the new world were so great, could it have really been a disaster in the making? From Slavery and conflicts with the Indians to the new cash crop, all of these are enough reason to conclude that the European encounters with the Americas were a disaster. Although there was a scare when John Smith was captured by the Indians during the early years of the Americas it was soon resolved. Moreover as the years continued the Indians as well as the settlers had several good and bad meetings. And over the course of several years they became better allies to each other. But one event in particular stands out among the most deceiving. In 1622, the Indians and the Settlers created a close bond together which was believed to be everlasting. But with the Indians now knowing the pilgrims hideouts, procedures, routines, and weak points they took great advantage of it. On March 22nd, 1622 the Indians ambushed the settlements and killed nearly 347 stunned men, women, and children. It is said that, ...most of them falling by their own instruments and working tools (Robert Beverleys Description of the1622 Indian Attack). The Indians had taken the Americans by storm while at work. And because of this the settlers now had no trustworthy allies and coul dnt defend against brutal attacks on a foreign land. This is yet another conflict of the European encounter with the Am ...

Using A After Certain Verbs Before Infinitives

Using 'A' After Certain Verbs Before Infinitives Having trouble explaining the a in the following sentence?  Ã‚ ¿Quieres aprender a jugar baloncesto? Would it be the same explanation as the personal a or is it just like the English to play basketball? Or neither of these? 'A' After a Verb Before Infinitives There very well may be an explanation here, but Im not sure what it is other than thats the way it is. There are certain verbs, and aprender is one of them, that need to be followed by a when followed by an infinitive. Why Spanish would use aspirbamos a nadar (with an a) for we aspired to swim but querà ­amos nadar (no a) for we wanted to swim appears arbitrary. There appear to be no clear rules to indicate when a verb needs to have an a before a subsequent infinitive, although verbs that indicate some sort of motion - such as venir (to come) and llegar (to leave) - usually do. So do some verbs that indicate a change in action, such as empezar (to begin). Following are the most common verbs that should be followed by a before an infinitive. Note that many of the verbs listed have more than one meaning; the meaning given is one that is often intended when the verb is followed by a and an infinitive: Acceder (to agree to): Los empresarios accedieron a estudiar las demandas de salario. The employers agreed to study the salary demands. Acercarse (to approach): Josà © se acercà ³ a ver si yo estaba bien. Jose approached in order to see if I was OK. Acostumbrarse (to be used to): No me acostumbro a perder. Im not used to losing. Alcanzar (to manage to): No alcanzaba a comprenderlo. I wasnt able to understand it. Aprender (to learn): Los hackers aprenden a camuflar el cà ³digo de sus ataques. Hackers are learning to camouflage their attack coding. Apresurarse (to hurry): Me apresurà © a leer algunos de los volà ºmenes de la serie. I hurried to read some volumes in the series. Aspirar (to aspire): Carlos aspiraba a ser senador. Carlos aspired to be a senator. Bajarse (to get down, lower oneself): Todos se bajaron a observar el fenà ³meno. Everyone got down to see the phenomenon. Comenzar (to begin): Comienzas a pensar. Youre beginning to think. Comprometerse (to promise): Se comprometieron a bajar los precios. They promised to lower prices. Decidirse (to decide): Me decidà ­ a comprarlo. I decided to buy it. Dedicarse (to devote oneself): me dedico a hacer otro tipo de humor. I am dedicating myself to do another type of humor. Detenerse (to stop): Por eso me detuve a leerlo. Thats why I stopped to read it. Echar (to begin): Cuando salieron se echaron a correr. When they left they began to run. Empezar (to begin):  ¿Cundo empezarà © a sentirme mejor? When will I begin to feel better? Inclinarse (to be inclined): Me inclino a leer lo mejor de la literatura de autoayuda. I am inclined to read the best of the self-help literature. Ir (to go):  ¿Quieres saber cà ³mo vas a morir? Do you want to know how youre going to die? Llegar (to arrive, to succeed): Llegaremos a tener à ©xito. We will arrive at having success. Negarse (to refuse): Al principio se negà ³ a dar su nombre. At first, he refused to give his name. Parar (to stop): Pararon a comprar tortillas. They stopped to buy tortillas. Pasar (to come in): Pasaron a hablar con à ©l. They came in to talk with him. Ponerse (to start): Se puso a hablar en tercera persona. He began to talk in the third person. Quedarse (to remain): Nos quedamos a vivir con mi pap. We stayed to live with my father. Resignarse (to resign oneself): Me resignà © a ser và ­ctima. I resigned myself to being a victim. Resistirse (to resist): Se resistià ³ a ser detenido. He resisted being arrested. Romper (to suddenly begin): La pobre mujer rompià ³ a llorar. The poor woman broke out crying. Sentarse (to sit down): Nos sentamos a platicar sobre cualquier cosa. We sat down to chat about all sorts of things. Tender (to tend to):  ¿Por que las mujeres siempre tienden a enamorarse tan rpido? Why do women always tend to fall in love so fast? Venir (to come): Vinieron a ganar dinero. They came to earn money. Volver (to do again): No volverà © a ser joven. Im not going to be young again.

Interview for Gloria Aparicio Blackwell Research Paper

Interview for Gloria Aparicio Blackwell - Research Paper Example 1. Have you already witnessed or seen examples of vandalism in the University of Maryland campus? If yes, please describe what it is/they are and when and where you saw it/them. Some examples are glass breakage, graffiti, and general property destruction. 2. What is the worst kind of vandalism that you have witnessed or seen in campus and why do you think it is the worst kind? How did this vandalism make you feel? 3. How much do you think is vandalism costing the University every year? 4. What do you think are the offender-centered (i.e. personal motivations) causes of vandalism? Some examples are anger, boredom, revenge, frustration, ideological goals, and stealing property. 5. Please think of an example of vandalism in campus and consider its environmental characteristics. What do you think are the environmental factors that contribute to vandalism in school (i.e. poor lighting, covered areas with few passers-by et al., not enough people, other factors)? 6. What have the University and campus police done to prevent vandalism in campus that you are aware of? Are these actions effective? Why? Why not? 7. Does the Office of Community Engagement have any related activities that tackle or prevent campus vandalism? What are they? Do you think that these activities work in preventing vandalism? Why/Why not? 8. What do you think should the University and campus police focus on when addressing vandalism?

Vietnam and Singapore's Special Education Compared with that of the US Research Paper

Vietnam and Singapore's Special Education Compared with that of the US - Research Paper Example It is then noteworthy to look into the special education systems of these two countries and compare them with that of America’s. Regarding its history, Singapore’s SPED progressed irregularly. The major initiators were charitable organizations. As time passed, the government passed legislations and formed departments for proper facilitation. In 1947, Trafalgar Home was founded. It was for children with leprosy. In 1949, a center catering to crippled children was founded by the British Red Cross Society. By 1951, the same society also offered education for the deaf. After five years, a school was put up by the Association of the Blind. In 1957, there focus was given to those with cerebral palsy with the formation of Spastic Children’s Association. In 1962, the Singapore Association for Retarded Children (now known as Movement for the Intellectually Disabled of Singapore) was created. This association widened the horizon of special education by not only involving t hose with physical and sensory needs but those with intellectual disabilities as well (Tan, â€Å"Education in Singapore: Special Needs). Concerning its government, Singapore was colonized by Britain in 1819. However, during World War II, it was captured by the Japanese. In 1945, it was freed by British soldiers. In 1946, Singapore became a separate crown colony. On June 3, 1959, it was made a self-governing state in the Commonwealth of Nations. In 1963, it joined Malaya, North Borneo, and Sarawak to form Malaysia. After two years, Singapore separated from Malaysia and became a sovereign state as well as a member of the United Nations. In the same year (1965), it was proclaimed as a republic (â€Å"History of Singapore Colonization†). As for Vietnam, there are no distinct SPED- related organizations in its history. The education in Vietnam during feudal and colonial periods lacked stability leading to haphazard structures. Traditionally, it is a country built on Confucian-or iented education. However, it was replaced by French-Vietnamese education during its colonization at the end of 19th and first half of 20th centuries. This kind of education immobilized the rights of the Vietnamese since it was for the purposes of serving the colonizers. During their independence in 1945, their president, Ho Chi Minh advocated against illiteracy and formed an education system towards independence and rehabilitation. Within a year, there were 75,000 literacy classes and almost 96,000 teachers serving 2.5 million citizens. Since then the government maintained a public education. However, during the US air force attacks in 1965-1972, a number of schools were destroyed. Gradually, education was much influenced by North-American domination. In April 1975, Vietnam’s regions were reunited and they were able to achieve full independence. Several reforms were made concerning education. Included in the changes from 1986 to 2005 was the categorization of learning activi ties corresponding to students’ abilities. Specialized schools were established for gifted children (â€Å"Education in Vietnam: Development History, Challenges, Solutions† 2). The United States’ SPED history when it comes to its legislation is quite ample. These developments are also valuable since other countries are adapting these provisions. In the early 1900s, its education system offered compulsory education. However, many children with special needs were not welcome in numerous schools. Most of the rights of children

Marketing in the Tobacco Industry Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Marketing in the Tobacco Industry - Term Paper Example The American cigarettes are natural and do not contain chemical additives such as Camel, Kool and Marlboro which are contained in other popular cigarette brands. Philip Morris International is a company engaged in manufacturing and selling of cigarettes and a variety of tobacco products in the outside markets of the United States of America (Wallace, 2004, pp. 440). Tobacco products sold by the company include hand rolling tobacco, pipe tobacco and cigars. It is the leading international tobacco producing company in the number of cigarette brands. The company sells its products in approximately 180 countries. The company’s markets are divided into four geographical segments: Eastern Europe, the European Union Region, Africa and Middle East and Canada and Latin America Region. Philip Morris International employs approximately 12,500 workers in the 9 factories owned by the company in 8 member states. The company sells both international and local brands which range from premium, mid-price and low price. Premium priced brands include Merit, Marlboro, Virginia Slims and Parliament. Mid-price brands are Chesterfield and L&M. international brands include Muratti, Lark, Next, Red & White, Philip Morris and Bond Street. Local cigarette brands of cigarettes owned by the company include Fortune, Champion and Hope in Philippines and Morven Gold in Pakistan. Liggett Vector Brands is a tobacco company in the United States with its headquarters located in North Carolina (Pampel, 2009, pp. 307). The company is marketing, sales and distribution agent for tobacco products manufactured by Vector tobacco and Liggett group. Vector tobacco is a cigarette manufacturing and a research company with qualified and experienced research and development specialists and a top tobacco management team who aim at developing and marketing innovative tobacco products. The company offers products under the trade names of Eve, Liggett Select, Grand Prix, Pyramid and Quest. Liggett Vector Br ands also offers assistance with engineering, purchasing and maintenance processes. The company manufactures a variety of cigarette brands and is compliant to the Settlement Agreement between the 46 states and tobacco industries. Liggett Vector Brands complies with the marketing and advertising restrictions contained in the agreement on prohibition of tobacco products marketing to the youth. In the mid 1990s, laws were set against big tobacco companies. This was the time when SFNTC had started expanding its operations. In 1996, the company moved to North Carolina where developed tobacco companies had started scaling back to tobacco growing operations. SFNTC started producing its organic tobacco when the organic food productions act of 1990, which required the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) to set standards- accepted nationally-for organic products, had been passed. Since 2002, the company has been operating as an independent unit of Reynolds America Inc. SFNTC’s fields can be divided into two basing on how the company labels and markets manufactured cigarettes: tobacco grown under requirements of organic ideal and tobacco not grown under requirements to gain organic designation. SFNTC operates in an environmentally sustainable manner. All facilities in the company are wind powered. It is the only tobacco producing company that has earned the Green Power

Reversible Data Hiding on Color Images

Reversible Data Hiding on Color Images REVERSIBLE DATA HIDING ON COLOR IMAGES USING DIFFERENCE HISTOGRAM MODIFICATION Subash David A   Abstract: Data embedding is done by processing these selected coefficients of the modified subband histograms. We present a high capacity reversible watermarking scheme using the technique of difference average value coefficients of image blocks by using the tool Matlab. This scheme takes advantage of difference average value coefficients, which permits low distortion between the watermarked image and the original one caused by the LSB bit replacement operations of the watermarking technique specifically in the embedding process. By the proposed approach, compared with the conventional one-dimensional difference-histogram and one-dimensional prediction-error-histogram-based RDH methods [3] [20], the image redundancy can be better exploited and an improved embedding performance is achieved. Keywords: DPM, Histogram, LSB, Matlab, RDH, Watermarking, I.INTRODUCTION For most image data hiding methods [1], the host image is permanently distorted and it cannot be restored from the marked content. But in some applications such as medical image sharing multimedia archive management and image trans-coding any distortion due to data embedding is intolerable and the availability of the original image is in high demand. To this end, a solution called â€Å"reversible data hiding† (RDH) is proposed, in which the host image can be fully restored after data embedding. RDH is a hybrid method which combines various techniques to ensure the reversibility. Its feasibility is mainly due to the lossless compressibility of natural images. Many RDH methods [10] have been proposed in recent years, e.g., the methods based on lossless compression, difference expansion (DE), histogram shifting (HS), and integer transform [5], etc. Many researchers’ algorithm plays as an important work of RDH. In DE algorithm, the host image is divided into pixel pairs, and the difference value of two pixels in a pair is expanded to carry one data bit. All these methods aim at increasing the embedding capacity (EC) as high as possible while keeping the distortion low. This method can provide an embedding rate (ER) up to 0.5 bits per pixel (BPP) and it outperforms the previous compression based works. For the proposed method, by considering a pixel-pair and its context, a local image region is projected to a two-dimensional space to obtain a sequence of images that consisting of difference pixel variant pairs. Then, a two-dimensional difference histogram is then generated by counting the difference-pairs. Here, the DPM is an injective mapping defined on difference-pairs, and it is a natural extension of expansion embedding and shifting techniques used in current histogram-based methods. Finally, reversible data embedding is implemented according to a specifically designed difference-pair-mapping (DPM). By using the two-dimensional difference-histogram and this specific DPM, compared with the conventional one-dimensional histogram based methods, more pixels are used for carrying data while the number of shifted pixels is reduced as well, and thus an improved embedding performance is thus achieved. A new reversible authentication technique for images embeds a significant amount of data while keeping high visual quality. In order to verify the integrity of the image, we use a cryptographic hash function. The hash code is combined with a binary logo image by a bit-wise exclusive LSB replacement [9] or as well as difference pixel pair matching based on histogram matching technique in the difference image from the original image. On the other hand, a half the number of pixels of the image are added or subtracted by 1. Thus, the classification of pixels and also the terminal classification of the zeroth pixel and the last pixel are compared and shown together. II.PROPOSED WORK 2.1. Reversible Data Hiding The reversible data hiding [1] [7] in encrypted image is investigated. Most of the work on reversible data hiding focuses on the data embedding/extracting [20] on the plain spatial domain. But, in some applications, an inferior assistant or a channel administrator hopes to append some additional message, such as the origin information, image notation or authentication data, within the encrypted image though he does not know the original image content. And it is also hopeful that the original content should be recovered without any error after image decryption and message extraction at receiver side. This presents a practical scheme satisfying the above-mentioned requirements. A content owner encrypts the original image using an encryption key, and a data-hider can embed additional data into the encrypted image using a data-hiding key though he does not know the original content. Most of the existing watermarking algorithms are lossy. Permanent distortion is introduced into the host image during the embedding process and results in Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) loss. In some applications such as legal, military and medical imaging, permanent loss of signal fidelity is not allowed. This highlights the necessity of lossless/reversible data hiding which can recover the original host signal perfectly after the watermark extraction. However, the payload of the reversible watermarking is typically lower than that of lossy watermarking algorithms. With an encrypted image containing additional data, a receiver may first decrypt it according to the encryption key, and then extract the embedded data and recover the original image according to the data-hiding key. In the scheme, the data extraction is not separable from the content decryption. In other words, the additional data must be extracted from the decrypted image, so that the principal content of original image is revealed before data extraction, and, if someone has the data-hiding key but not the encryption key, he cannot extract any information from the encrypted image containing additional data. In applications that image downsizing is required; the embedded information is extracted from the received image using lossless data hiding extraction method before the transcoding process. A â€Å"thin edge† location map is formed as side information for the image enhancement process. During image resizing, we divide the image into N x N blocks (for simplicity, assume N is a positive integer larger in value. To share medical images with some concomitant data, one approach involves adding, when allowed by the image file format, some extra header information. Unfortunately, header files are prone to manipulation and information loss may occur during file format conversion. Most data contained in the header of a Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM). fig 1: Input Original Image In the presented experimental results, the algorithm is applied to each color component of three 512 Ãâ€" 512 RGB images, for all images such as Baboon, Lena, and Fruits setting T1 = T2 = T3 in all experiments. The embedding capacity depends on the nature of the image itself. In this case, the images with a lot of low frequencies contents produce more expandable triplets with lower distortion than high frequency images such as Baboon. In particular with Fruits, the algorithm is able to embed some amount of bits with a PSNR rate in dB, but with only reduced bits image quality increases at some amount of PSNR value in dB. Location Mapping: The number of subgroup points, depth of wavelet transforms and overflow/underflow book-keeping data are the necessary side information that should be embedded into the high frequency transformation coefficients besides the hidden data. Below mentioned figure shows the embedding image retrieving process. In the first block the integer wavelet transform is applied on the original image. Then the coefficients of high frequency subbands are used for constructing the subgroups. fig 2: Location Mapping Then the data and side information is hidden. The stego image carrying hidden data will be obtained after inverse integer wavelet transform. In image recovery system, the integer wavelet transform is applied on the stego image. Then by using the side information level of wavelet applying and the points of high frequency sub bands are used to construct the subgroups. In this step the data is retrieved. Then each subband histogram is inverse modified according to its subgroup points. Embedding the normal image by considering the pixel values achieved the concept of data hiding, secret data communication, etc. We need an image, an audio; a text file, a web source to be hidden or these sources can also be used to hide a particular data or any types of files. Data hiding, secret data communication, encrypting the data plays an important role in making telemedicine applications, secrecy in defense communication, etc. Each subband histogram is modified according to its subgroup coefficients. Now the subbands are ready for data embedding. The data embedding stage hides the data by subband coefficient processing. This type of flow is called reversible data hiding. The reverse process can take the same flow of getting the image as input and doing some of watermarking procedure to hide the secret data. fig 3: Image in which the secret data is kept hidden Hiding Retrieving back the Hidden Web Source: Each and every data (any data can be hidden for instance image, audio, text file, web source, etc.) Here we have done with some updations in making the data hiding process with the new algorithm of histogram and data hiding which is used for hiding a web source and retrieving it back. These use the algorithm of reversible data hiding and that the web source link will be saved in a particular place and it can be hidden in an image. Then after that the process of decrypting the watermarked image will be carried out. Herewith below shown are the retrieved image and the web source. fig 4: Extracted Original Image A sorting technique is used in this method to record prediction-errors based on the magnitude of local variance, and a pixel will be prior embedded if it has a small local variance. This method performs well and it is superior to some typical RDH schemes. fig 5: Retrieved web link source from the Watermarked image Now the inverse formula of data embedding is applied. After that inverse integer wavelet transform is applied to obtain the image. Now the side information tells us that the Overflow/Underflow post processing is required or not. The original image is obtained after this step. In the histogram modification process, the watermark is embedded into the modified difference image. The modified difference image is scanned. Once a pixel with the difference value of -1 or 1 is encountered, we check the watermark to be embedded. III.CONCLUSION DISCUSSION: This work is an attempt to employ higher dimensional histogram as a hierarchical watermarking process along the pair mapping histogram level. Compared with the previously introduced one-dimensional histogram based methods, our technique exploits the image repetition as far as good and it achieves an improved performance. Since only one pixel of a pixel-pair is allowed to be modified by 1 in value. This issue should be investigated in the future. Moreover, utilizing more suitable two-dimensional histogram and designing more meaningful Difference Pair Mapping (in arrangement of pixels) to achieve the best embedding performance is also a valuable problem. If the bit to be embedded is 1, we move the difference value of -1 to -2 by subtracting one from the odd-line pixel or 1 to 2 by adding one to the odd-line pixel. This correlation makes the pair easier to satisfy smaller thresholds and, hence, to produce a large portion of selected expandable pairs. The major drawback of reversible data hiding algorithm, is the size of the binary map. IV.REFERENCES: [1] Y. Q. Shi, â€Å"Reversible data hiding,† in Proc. IWDW, 2004, vol. 3304, pp. 1–12, ser. Springer LNCS. [2] Y. Q. Shi, Z. Ni, D. Zou, C. Liang, and G. Xuan, â€Å"Lossless data hiding: fundamentals, algorithms and applications,† in Proc. IEEE ISCAS, 2004, vol. 2, pp. 33–36. [3] G. Coatrieux, C. L. Guillou, J. M. Cauvin, and C. Roux, â€Å"Reversible watermarking for knowledge digest embedding and reliability control in medical images,† IEEE Trans. Inf. Technol. Biomed., vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 158–165, Mar. 2009. [4] M. Fontani, A. D. Rosa, R. Caldelli, F. Filippini, A. Piva, and M. Consalvo, â€Å"Reversible watermarking for image integrity verification in hierarchical pacs,† in Proc. 12th ACM Workshop on Multimedia and Security, 2010, pp. 161–168. [5] S. Lee, C. D. Yoo, and T. Kalker, â€Å"Reversible image watermarking based on integer-to-integer wavelet transform,† IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Security, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 321–330, Sep. 2007. [6] R. Li, O. C. Au, C. K. M. Yuk, S. Yip, and T. Chan, â€Å"Enhanced image trans-coding using reversible data hiding,† in Proc. IEEE ISCAS, 2007, pp. 1273–1276. [7] K.-L. Chung, Y.-H. Huang, P.-C. Chang, and H.-Y. Liao, â€Å"Reversible data hiding-based approach for intra-frame error concealment in H.264/AVC,† IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol., vol. 20, no. 11, pp. 1643–1647, Nov. 2010. [8] J. Fridrich, M. Goljan, and R. Du, â€Å"Lossless data embedding—new paradigm in digital watermarking,† EURASIP J. Appl. Signal Process., vol. 2002, no. 2, pp. 185–196, Feb. 2002. [9] M. U. Celik, G. Sharma, A. M. Tekalp, and E. Saber, â€Å"Lossless generalized- LSB data embedding,† IEEE Trans. Image Process., vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 253–266, Feb. 2005. [10] J. Tian, â€Å"Reversible data embedding using a difference expansion,† IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol., vol. 13, no. 8, pp. 890–896, Aug. 2003. [11] A. M. Alattar, â€Å"Reversible watermark using the difference expansion of a generalized integer transform,† IEEE Trans. Image Process., vol. 13, no. 8, pp. 1147–1156, Aug. 2004. [12] W. L. Tai, C. M. Yeh, and C. C. Chang, â€Å"Reversible data hiding based on histogram modification of pixel differences,† IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol., vol. 19, no. 6, pp. 906–910, Jun. 2009. [13] Z.Ni, Y.Q. Shi, N. Ansari, andW. Su, â€Å"Reversible data hiding,† IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol., vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 354–362, Mar. 2006. [14] S. K. Lee, Y. H. Suh, and Y. S. Ho, â€Å"Reversible image authentication based on watermarking,† in Proc. IEEE ICME, 2006, pp. 1321–1324. [18] M. Fallahpour, â€Å"Reversible image data hiding based on gradient adjusted prediction,† IEICE Electron. Express, vol. 5, no. 20, pp. 870–876, Oct. 2008. [19] W. Hong, T. S. Chen, and C. W. Shiu, â€Å"Reversible data hiding for high quality images using modification of prediction errors,† J. Syst. Software, vol. 82, no. 11, pp. 1833–1842, Nov. 2009. [20] D. M. Thodi and J. J. Rodriguez, â€Å"Expansion embedding techniques for reversible watermarking,† IEEE Trans. Image Process., vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 721–730, Mar. 2007.

Queen Liliuokalani Essay -- Liliuokalani Hawaii Polynesian

Queen Lili'uokalani had ambitious plans for the nation of Hawaii, and wanted to see the rightful power of the monarch restored. Even though she was doing what she thought was best for the people of Hawaii, her dream was never meant to be. She would become known as the last queen ever to reign over the Hawaiian Islands. In the beginning, Hawaii was unknown to any humans. Polynesians eventually came across its islands, and decided to make it their home. In the early days, each island was ruled by a chief, and many times the islands were in conflict with each other. Centuries like this passed, but then "in 1782, [Queen Lili'uokalani's] cousin Kamehameha set out to conquer and unite the islands". Thirteen years later, in 1795, Kamehameha finally fulfilled his vision of a unified Hawaiian state, and he became king. The nation was then to be ruled by Kamehameha's sons. (Guzzetti 10) Queen Lili'uokalani's biological parents were Chief Kapaakea and Chiefess Keohokalole. Because it is a Hawaiian custom to give children to other couples for raising, as the Hawaiians believed it brought different families closer together, Lili'uokalani was given to Paki and Konia. She attended the Royal School, where she met many people, some who became friends, and some who she had already been acquainted with, such as her foster sister, and her biological brother, who would eventually be her predecessor, King Kalakaua. (Guzzetti 10, 12, 28) The Royal School was a new experience for her. At home, she was used to walking around barefoot and wearing as little as possible to keep cool in the warm Hawaiian climate. Because the school was administered by the Cookes, who were missionaries from New England, she had to wear western clothing, meaning she ha... ...illed and Lili'uokalani began to have more patriot feelings for the United States, instead of resentment. She even had the flag of the United States flown over her home, and the Hawaiian one lowered. 1917 Not much later, Lili'uokalani died at the age of seventy-nine. Works Cited Daws, Gavan. The Illustrated Atlas of Hawaii. Honolulu: Island Heritage, 1970. Day, A. Grove. Hawaii: Fiftieth Star. New York: Meredith Press, 1969. Day, A. Grove. Hawaii and Its People. New York: Meredith Press, 1968. Day, A. Grove and Ralph S. Kuykendall. Hawaii: A History. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1961. Guzzetti, Paula. The Last Hawaiian Queen: Liliuokalani. New York: Benchmark Books, 1997. Pratt, Julius W. Expansionists of 1898. Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1964. Tabrah, Ruth M. Hawaii: A Bicentennial History. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1980.